WhatsApp voice calling feature: here's how to enable it without an invite

How to enable WhatsApp voice calls

Important: Be warned that there is a WhatsApp calling scam doing the rounds. Read up, be wary and spread the word.
The latest version of WhatsApp, v2.12.19 is the one you've been waiting for: it does not require someone with WhatsApp call feature already activated to call you. All you need to do is hit up the WhatsApp website and download v2.12.19.
You will need to have Unknown Sources enabled in your device's security settings first though (don't forget to turn Unknown Sources off again afterwards), but then all you do is install the downloaded app and you'll see the three tab view below with the ability to make and receive WhatsApp calls.

Once you receive a call from someone with WhatsApp calls, you'll see three tabs. / © ANDROIDPIT

If you're not so keen on allowing Unknown Sources, you can still use the old route with the latest version in the Play Store, which is currently v2.12.5. The process remains the same as before:

• Update your WhatsApp app to at least v2.11.561. 
• Enable Unknown Sources in your Security settings. On stock Android, you'll find this option at Settings > Security > Unknown sources
• Get someone who already has the WhatsApp voice calling feature enabled to call you.
• Once you answer the call, three tabs will appear at the top of your WhatsApp interface - calls, chats and contacts. This means voice calling has been enabled.

You'll get a detailed call log and can now make calls yourself. / © ANDROIDPIT

• WhatsApp tips: the ultimate guide
• How to install WhatsApp on your tablet

The calls tab will show you a detailed call log and in any chat with a WhatsApp contact you'll find that the dialer icon at the top now makes calls direct via WhatsApp and not the regular dialer. We've tested the latest version with several phones and they all worked first try, so it looks like the wait is finally over and WhatsApp voice calls are here for everyone.
Have you got the WhatsApp feature feature yet? Will you now turn to WhatsApp as your default

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SQL Tutorial

• SQL Tutorial

•  SQL – Structured Query Lhttps://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6490856755596534642#editor/target=post;postID=8914472568819753379anguage
• 1.1 Tables
• In relational database systems (DBS) data are represented using tables (relations). A query issued against the DBS also results in a table. A table has the following structure:
• Column 1 Column 2 ... Column n
• ←− Tuple (or Record)
• ... ... ... ...
• A table is uniquely identified by its name and consists of rows that contain the stored informa- tion, each row containing exactly one tuple (or record). A table can have one or more columns. A column is made up of a column name and a data type, and it describes an attribute of the tuples. The structure of a table, also called relation schema, thus is defined by its attributes. The type of information to be stored in a table is defined by the data types of the attributes at table creation time.
• SQL uses the terms table, row, andcolumn for relation, tuple, andattribute, respectively. In this tutorial we will use the terms interchangeably.
• A table can have up to 254 columns which may have different or same data types and sets of values (domains), respectively. Possible domains are alphanumeric data (strings), numbers and date formats. Oracle offers the following basic data types:
• • char(n): Fixed-length character data (string), n characters long. The maximum size for n is 255 bytes (2000 in Oracle8). Note that a string of type char is always padded on right with blanks to full length of n.(☞ can be memory consuming). Example: char(40) • varchar2(n): Variable-length character string. The maximum size for n is 2000 (4000 in Oracle8). Only the bytes used for a string require storage. Example: varchar2(80) • number(o,d): Numeric data type for integers and reals. o = overall number of digits, d = number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Maximum values: o =38, d= −84 to +127. Examples: number(8), number(5,2) Note that, e.g., number(5,2) cannot contain anything larger than 999.99 without result- ing in an error. Data types derived from number are int[eger], dec[imal], smallint and real. • date: Date data type for storing date and time. The default format for a date is: DD-MMM-YY. Examples: ’13-OCT-94’, ’07-JAN-98’
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• • long: Character data up to a length of 2GB. Only one long column is allowed per table.
• Note: In Oracle-SQL there is no data typeboolean. It can, however, be simulated by using either char(1) or number(1).
• As long as no constraint restricts the possible values of an attribute, it may have the special value null (for unknown). This value is different from the number 0, and it is also different from the empty string ’’.
• Further properties of tables are:
• • the order in which tuples appear in a table is not relevant (unless a query requires an explicit sorting). • a table has no duplicate tuples (depending on the query, however, duplicate tuples can appear in the query result).
• A database schema is a set of relation schemas. The extension of a database schema at database run-time is called a database instance or database, for short.
• 1.1.1 Example Database
• In the following discussions and examples we use an example database to manage information about employees, departments and salary scales. The corresponding tables can be created under the UNIX shell using the command demobld. The tables can be dropped by issuing the command demodrop under the UNIX shell.
• The table EMP is used to store information about employees:
• EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL DEPTNO 7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20 7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 30 7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 30 ........................................................... 7698 BLAKE MANAGER 01-MAY-81 3850 30 7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 10
• For the attributes, the following data types are defined:
• EMPNO:number(4), ENAME:varchar2(30), JOB:char(10), MGR:number(4), HIREDATE:date, SAL:number(7,2), DEPTNO:number(2)
• Each row (tuple) from the table is interpreted as follows: an employee has a number, a name, a job title and a salary. Furthermore, for each employee the number of his/her manager, the date he/she was hired, and the number of the department where he/she is working are stored.
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• The table DEPT stores information about departments (number, name, and location):
• DEPTNO DNAME LOC 10 STORE CHICAGO 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES NEW YORK 40 MARKETING BOSTON
• Finally, the table SALGRADE contains all information about the salary scales, more precisely, the maximum and minimum salary of each scale.
• GRADE LOSAL HISAL 1 700 1200 2 1201 1400 3 1401 2000 4 2001 3000 5 3001 9999
• 1.2 Queries (Part I)
• In order to retrieve the information stored in the database, the SQL query language is used. In the following we restrict our attention to simple SQL queries and defer the discussion of more complex queries to Section 1.5
• In SQL a query has the following (simplified) form (components in brackets [ ] are optional):
• select [distinct] <column(s)> from <table> [ where <condition> ] [ order by <column(s) [asc|desc]> ]
• 1.2.1 Selecting Columns
• The columns to be selected from a table are specified after the keyword select. This operation is also called projection. For example, the query
• select LOC, DEPTNO from DEPT;
• lists only the number and the location for each tuple from the relation DEPT. If all columns should be selected, the asterisk symbol “∗” can be used to denote all attributes. The query select ∗ from EMP; retrieves all tuples with all columns from the table EMP. Instead of an attribute name, the select clause may also contain arithmetic expressions involving arithmetic operators etc. select ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL ∗ 1.55 from EMP;
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• For the different data types supported in Oracle, several operators and functions are provided: • for numbers: abs, cos, sin, exp, log, power, mod, sqrt,+ ,−,∗,/,... • for strings: chr, concat(string1, string2), lower, upper, replace(string, search string, replacement string), translate, substr(string, m, n), length, to date,... • for the date data type: add month, month between, next day, to char,...
• The usage of these operations is described in detail in the SQL*Plus help system (see also Section 2).
• Consider the query
• select DEPTNO from EMP;
• which retrieves the department number for each tuple. Typically, some numbers will appear more than only once in the query result, that is, duplicate result tuples are not automatically eliminated. Inserting the keyword distinct after the keyword select, however, forces the elimination of duplicates from the query result.
• It is also possible to specify a sorting order in which the result tuples of a query are displayed. For this the order by clause is used and which has one or more attributes listed in the select clause as parameter. desc specifies a descending order and asc specifies an ascending order (this is also the default order). For example, the query
• select ENAME, DEPTNO, HIREDATE from EMP; from EMP order by DEPTNO [asc], HIREDATE desc;
• displays the result in an ascending order by the attribute DEPTNO. If two tuples have the same attribute value for DEPTNO, the sorting criteria is a descending order by the attribute values of HIREDATE. For the above query, we would get the following output:
• ENAME DEPTNO HIREDATE FORD 10 03-DEC-81 SMITH 20 17-DEC-80 BLAKE 30 01-MAY-81 WARD 30 22-FEB-81 ALLEN 30 20-FEB-81 ...........................
• 1.2.2 Selection of Tuples
• Up to now we have only focused on selecting (some) attributes of all tuples from a table. If one is interested in tuples that satisfy certain conditions, the where clause is used. In a where clause simple conditions based on comparison operators can be combined using the logical connectives and, or, andnot to form complex conditions. Conditions may also include pattern matching operations and even subqueries (Section 1.5).
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• Example: List the job title and the salary of those employees whose manager has the number 7698 or 7566 and who earn more than 1500: select JOB, SAL from EMP where (MGR = 7698 or MGR = 7566) and SAL > 1500;
• For all data types, the comparison operators =,!= or <>,<, >,<=, => are allowed in the conditions of a where clause.
• Further comparison operators are: • Set Conditions: <column> [not] in (<list of values>) Example: select ∗ from DEPT where DEPTNO in (20,30); • Null value: <column> is [not] null, i.e., for a tuple to be selected there must (not) exist a defined value for this column. Example: select ∗ from EMP where MGR is not null; Note: the operations = null and ! = null are not defined! • Domain conditions: <column> [not] between <lower bound> and <upper bound> Example: • select EMPNO, ENAME, SAL from EMP where SAL between 1500 and 2500; • select ENAME from EMP where HIREDATE between ’02-APR-81’ and ’08-SEP-81’;
• 1.2.3 String Operations
• In order to compare an attribute with a string, it is required to surround the string by apos- trophes, e.g., where LOCATION = ’DALLAS’. A powerful operator for pattern matching is the like operator. Together with this operator, two special characters are used: the percent sign % (also called wild card), and the underline , also called position marker. For example, if one is interested in all tuples of the table DEPT that contain two C in the name of the depart- ment, the condition would be where DNAME like ’%C%C%’. The percent sign means that any (sub)string is allowed there, even the empty string. In contrast, the underline stands for exactly one character. Thus the condition where DNAME like ’%C C%’ would require that exactly one character appears between the two Cs. To test for inequality, the not clause is used.
• Further string operations are: • upper(<string>) takes a string and converts any letters in it to uppercase, e.g., DNAME = upper(DNAME)(The name of a department must consist only of upper case letters.) • lower(<string>) converts any letter to lowercase, • initcap(<string>) converts the initial letter of every word in <string> to uppercase. • length(<string>) returns the length of the string. • substr(<string>, n [, m]) clips out a m character piece of <string>, starting at position n. Ifm is not specified, the end of the string is assumed. substr(’DATABASE SYSTEMS’, 10, 7) returns the string ’SYSTEMS’.
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• 1.2.4 Aggregate Functions
• Aggregate functions are statistical functions such as count, min, max etc. They are used to compute a single value from a set of attribute values of a column:
• count Counting Rows Example: How many tuples are stored in the relation EMP? select count(∗) from EMP; Example: How many different job titles are stored in the relation EMP? select count(distinct JOB) from EMP; max Maximum value for a column min Minimum value for a column Example: List the minimum and maximum salary. select min(SAL), max(SAL) from EMP; Example: Compute the difference between the minimum and maximum salary. select max(SAL)-min(SAL) from EMP; sum Computes the sum of values (only applicable to the data type number) Example: Sum of all salaries of employees working in the department 30. select sum(SAL) from EMP where DEPTNO = 30; avg Computes average value for a column (only applicable to the data type number)
• Note: avg, min and max ignore tuples that have a null value for the specified attribute, but count considers null values.
• 1.3 Data Definition in SQL
• 1.3.1 Creating Tables
• The SQL command for creating an empty table has the following form:
• create table <table> ( <column 1><data type> [not null][unique][<column constraint>], ......... <column n><data type> [not null][unique][<column constraint>], [<table constraint(s)>] );
• For each column, a name and a data type must be specified and the column name must be unique within the table definition. Column definitions are separated by colons. There is no difference between names in lower case letters and names in upper case letters. In fact, the only place where upper and lower case letters matter are strings comparisons. A not null
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• constraint is directly specified after the data type of the column and the constraint requires defined attribute values for that column, different from null.
• The keyword unique specifies that no two tuples can have the same attribute value for this column. Unless the condition not null is also specified for this column, the attribute value null is allowed and two tuples having the attribute value null for this column do not violate the constraint.
• Example: The create table statement for our EMP table has the form create table EMP ( EMPNO number(4) not null, ENAME varchar2(30) not null, JOB varchar2(10), MGR number(4), HIREDATE date, SAL number(7,2), DEPTNO number(2) ); Remark: Except for the columns EMPNO and ENAME null values are allowed.
• 1.3.2 Constraints
• The definition of a table may include the specification of integrity constraints. Basically two types of constraints are provided: column constraints are associated with a single column whereas table constraints are typically associated with more than one column. However, any column constraint can also be formulated as a table constraint. In this section we consider only very simple constraints. More complex constraints will be discussed in Section 5.1.
• The specification of a (simple) constraint has the following form: [constraint <name>] primary key | unique | not null A constraint can be named. It is advisable to name a constraint in order to get more meaningful information when this constraint is violated due to, e.g., an insertion of a tuple that violates the constraint. If no name is specified for the constraint, Oracle automatically generates a name of the pattern SYS C<number>.
• The two most simple types of constraints have already been discussed: not null and unique. Probably the most important type of integrity constraints in a database are primary key con- straints. A primary key constraint enables a unique identification of each tuple in a table. Based on a primary key, the database system ensures that no duplicates appear in a table. For example, for our EMP table, the specification
• create table EMP ( EMPNO number(4) constraint pk emp primary key, ...);
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• defines the attribute EMPNO as the primary key for the table. Each value for the attribute EMPNO thus must appear only once in the table EMP. A table, of course, may only have one primary key. Note that in contrast to a unique constraint, null values are not allowed.
• Example: We want to create a table called PROJECT to store information about projects. For each project, we want to store the number and the name of the project, the employee number of the project’s manager, the budget and the number of persons working on the project, and the start date and end date of the project. Furthermore, we have the following conditions: - a project is identified by its project number, - the name of a project must be unique, - the manager and the budget must be defined.
• Table definition: create table PROJECT ( PNO number(3) constraint prj pk primary key, PNAME varchar2(60) unique, PMGR number(4) not null, PERSONS number(5), BUDGET number(8,2) not null, PSTART date, PEND date);
• A unique constraint can include more than one attribute. In this case the pattern unique(<column i>,...,<column j>) is used. If it is required, for example, that no two projects have the same start and end date, we have to add the table constraint
• constraint no same dates unique(PEND, PSTART)
• This constraint has to be defined in the create table command after both columns PEND and PSTART have been defined. A primary key constraint that includes more than only one column can be specified in an analogous way.
• Instead of a not null constraint it is sometimes useful to specify a default value for an attribute if no value is given, e.g., when a tuple is inserted. For this, we use the default clause.
• Example: If no start date is given when inserting a tuple into the table PROJECT, the project start date should be set to January 1st, 1995:
• PSTART date default(’01-JAN-95’)
• Note: Unlike integrity constraints, it is not possible to specify a name for a default.
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• 1.3.3 Checklist for Creating Tables
• The following provides a small checklist for the issues that need to be considered before creating a table. • What are the attributes of the tuples to be stored? What are the data types of the attributes? Should varchar2 be used instead of char ? • Which columns build the primary key? • Which columns do (not) allow null values? Which columns do (not) allow duplicates ? • Are there default values for certain columns that allow null values ?
• 1.4 Data Modifications in SQL
• After a table has been created using the create table command, tuples can be inserted into the table, or tuples can be deleted or modified.
• 1.4.1 Insertions
• The most simple way to insert a tuple into a table is to use the insert statement insert into <table> [(<column i, ..., column j>)] values (<value i, ..., value j>);
• For each of the listed columns, a corresponding (matching) value must be specified. Thus an insertion does not necessarily have to follow the order of the attributes as specified in the create table statement. If a column is omitted, the value null is inserted instead. If no column list is given, however, for each column as defined in the create table statement a value must be given.
• Examples: insert into PROJECT(PNO, PNAME, PERSONS, BUDGET, PSTART) values(313, ’DBS’, 4, 150000.42, ’10-OCT-94’);
• or
• insert into PROJECT values(313, ’DBS’, 7411, null, 150000.42, ’10-OCT-94’, null);
• If there are already some data in other tables, these data can be used for insertions into a new table. For this, we write a query whose result is a set of tuples to be inserted. Such an insert statement has the form insert into <table> [(<column i, ..., column j>)] <query>
• Example: Suppose we have defined the following table:
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• create table OLDEMP ( ENO number(4) not null, HDATE date); We now can use the table EMP to insert tuples into this new relation: insert into OLDEMP (ENO, HDATE) select EMPNO, HIREDATE from EMP where HIREDATE < ’31-DEC-60’;
• 1.4.2 Updates
• For modifying attribute values of (some) tuples in a table, we use the update statement:
• update <table> set <column i> = <expression i>,...,<column j> = <expression j> [where <condition>];
• An expression consists of either a constant (new value), an arithmetic or string operation, or an SQL query. Note that the new value to assign to <column i> must a the matching data type.
• An update statement without a where clause results in changing respective attributes of all tuples in the specified table. Typically, however, only a (small) portion of the table requires an update.
• Examples: • The employee JONES is transfered to the department 20 as a manager and his salary is increased by 1000:
• update EMP set JOB = ’MANAGER’, DEPTNO = 20, SAL = SAL +1000 where ENAME = ’JONES’; • All employees working in the departments 10 and 30 get a 15% salary increase. update EMP set SAL = SAL ∗ 1.15 where DEPTNO in (10,30); Analogous to the insert statement, other tables can be used to retrieve data that are used as new values. In such a case we have a <query> instead of an <expression>.
• Example: All salesmen working in the department 20 get the same salary as the manager who has the lowest salary among all managers.
• update EMP set SAL =(select min(SAL) from EMP where JOB = ’MANAGER’) where JOB = ’SALESMAN’ and DEPTNO = 20; Explanation: The query retrieves the minimum salary of all managers. This value then is assigned to all salesmen working in department 20.
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• It is also possible to specify a query that retrieves more than only one value (but still only one tuple!). In this case the set clause has the form set(<column i, ..., column j>)=<query>. It is important that the order of data types and values of the selected row exactly correspond to the list of columns in the set clause.
• 1.4.3 Deletions
• All or selected tuples can be deleted from a table using the delete command:
• delete from <table> [where <condition>];
• If the where clause is omitted, all tuples are deleted from the table. An alternative command for deleting all tuples from a table is the truncate table <table> command. However, in this case, the deletions cannot be undone (see subsequent Section 1.4.4).
• Example: Delete all projects (tuples) that have been finished before the actual date (system date):
• delete from PROJECT where PEND < sysdate;
• sysdate is a function in SQL that returns the system date. Another important SQL function is user, which returns the name of the user logged into the current Oracle session.
• 1.4.4 Commit and Rollback
• A sequence of database modifications, i.e., a sequence of insert, update, anddelete state- ments, is called a transaction. Modifications of tuples are temporarily stored in the database system. They become permanent only after the statement commit; has been issued.
• As long as the user has not issued the commit statement, it is possible to undo all modifications since the last commit. To undo modifications, one has to issue the statement rollback;.
• It is advisable to complete each modification of the database with a commit (as long as the modification has the expected effect). Note that any data definition command such as create table results in an internal commit.Acommit is also implicitly executed when the user terminates an Oracle session.
• 1.5 Queries (Part II)
• In Section 1.2 we have only focused on queries that refer to exactly one table. Furthermore, conditions in a where were restricted to simple comparisons. A major feature of relational databases, however, is to combine (join) tuples stored in different tables in order to display more meaningful and complete information. In SQL the select statement is used for this kind of queries joining relations:
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• select [distinct][<alias ak>.]<column i>,...,[<alias al>.]<column j> from <table 1> [<alias a1>],...,<table n> [<alias an>] [where <condition>]
• The specification of table aliases in the from clause is necessary to refer to columns that have the same name in different tables. For example, the column DEPTNO occurs in both EMP and DEPT. If we want to refer to either of these columns in the where or select clause, a table alias has to be specified and put in the front of the column name. Instead of a table alias also the complete relation name can be put in front of the column such as DEPT.DEPTNO, but this sometimes can lead to rather lengthy query formulations.
• 1.5.1 Joining Relations
• Comparisons in the where clause are used to combine rows from the tables listed in the from clause.
• Example: In the table EMP only the numbers of the departments are stored, not their name. For each salesman, we now want to retrieve the name as well as the number and the name of the department where he is working:
• select ENAME, E.DEPTNO, DNAME from EMP E, DEPT D where E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO and JOB = ’SALESMAN’;
• Explanation: E and D are table aliases for EMP and DEPT, respectively. The computation of the query result occurs in the following manner (without optimization): 1. Each row from the table EMP is combined with each row from the table DEPT (this oper- ation is called Cartesian product). If EMP contains m rows and DEPT contains n rows, we thus get n∗m rows. 2. From these rows those that have the same department number are selected (where E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO). 3. From this result finally all rows are selected for which the condition JOB = ’SALESMAN’ holds.
• In this example the joining condition for the two tables is based on the equality operator “=”. The columns compared by this operator are called join columns and the join operation is called an equijoin.
• Any number of tables can be combined in a select statement.
• Example: For each project, retrieve its name, the name of its manager, and the name of the department where the manager is working: select ENAME, DNAME, PNAME from EMP E, DEPT D, PROJECT P where E.EMPNO = P.MGR and D.DEPTNO = E.DEPTNO;
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• It is even possible to join a table with itself:
• Example: List the names of all employees together with the name of their manager: select E1.ENAME, E2.ENAME from EMP E1, EMP E2 where E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO;
• Explanation: The join columns are MGR for the table E1 and EMPNO for the table E2. The equijoin comparison is E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO.
• 1.5.2 Subqueries
• Up to now we have only concentrated on simple comparison conditions in a where clause, i.e., we have compared a column with a constant or we have compared two columns. As we have already seen for the insert statement, queries can be used for assignments to columns. A query result can also be used in a condition of a where clause. In such a case the query is called a subquery and the complete select statement is called a nested query.
• A respective condition in the where clause then can have one of the following forms: 1. Set-valued subqueries <expression> [not] in (<subquery>) <expression><comparison operator> [any|all](<subquery>) An <expression> can either be a column or a computed value. 2. Test for (non)existence [not] exists (<subquery>)
• In a where clause conditions using subqueries can be combined arbitrarily by using the logical connectives and and or.
• Example: List the name and salary of employees of the department 20 who are leading a project that started before December 31, 1990:
• select ENAME, SAL from EMP where EMPNO in (select PMGR from PROJECT where PSTART < ’31-DEC-90’) and DEPTNO =20;
• Explanation: The subquery retrieves the set of those employees who manage a project that started before December 31, 1990. If the employee working in department 20 is contained in this set (in operator), this tuple belongs to the query result set.
• Example: List all employees who are working in a department located in BOSTON:
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• select ∗ from EMP where DEPTNO in (select DEPTNO from DEPT where LOC = ’BOSTON’);
• The subquery retrieves only one value (the number of the department located in Boston). Thus it is possible to use “=” instead of in. As long as the result of a subquery is not known in advance, i.e., whether it is a single value or a set, it is advisable to use the in operator.
• A subquery may use again a subquery in its where clause. Thus conditions can be nested arbitrarily. An important class of subqueries are those that refer to its surrounding (sub)query and the tables listed in the from clause, respectively. Such type of queries is called correlated subqueries.
• Example: List all those employees who are working in the same department as their manager (note that components in [ ] are optional:
• select ∗ from EMP E1 where DEPTNO in (select DEPTNO from EMP [E] where [E.]EMPNO = E1.MGR);
• Explanation: The subquery in this example is related to its surrounding query since it refers to the column E1.MGR. A tuple is selected from the table EMP (E1) for the query result if the value for the column DEPTNO occurs in the set of values select in the subquery. One can think of the evaluation of this query as follows: For each tuple in the table E1, the subquery is evaluated individually. If the condition where DEPTNO in ...evaluates to true, this tuple is selected. Note that an alias for the table EMP in the subquery is not necessary since columns without a preceding alias listed there always refer to the innermost query and tables. Conditions of the form <expression><comparison operator> [any|all] <subquery> are used to compare a given <expression> with each value selected by <subquery>. • For the clause any, the condition evaluates to true if there exists at least on row selected by the subquery for which the comparison holds. If the subquery yields an empty result set, the condition is not satisfied. • For the clause all, in contrast, the condition evaluates to true if for all rows selected by the subquery the comparison holds. In this case the condition evaluates to true if the subquery does not yield any row or value.
• Example: Retrieve all employees who are working in department 10 and who earn at least as much as any (i.e., at least one) employee working in department 30: select ∗ from EMP where SAL >= any (select SAL from EMP where DEPTNO = 30) and DEPTNO = 10;
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• Note: Also in this subquery no aliases are necessary since the columns refer to the innermost from clause.
• Example: List all employees who are not working in department 30 and who earn more than all employees working in department 30:
• select ∗ from EMP where SAL > all (select SAL from EMP where DEPTNO = 30) and DEPTNO <> 30;
• For all and any, the following equivalences hold: in ⇔ = anynot in ⇔ <> all or != all Often a query result depends on whether certain rows do (not) exist in (other) tables. Such type of queries is formulated using the exists operator.
• Example: List all departments that have no employees:
• select ∗ from DEPT where not exists (select ∗ from EMP where DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO);
• Explanation: For each tuple from the table DEPT, the condition is checked whether there exists a tuple in the table EMP that has the same department number (DEPT.DEPTNO). In case no such tuple exists, the condition is satisfied for the tuple under consideration and it is selected. If there exists a corresponding tuple in the table EMP, the tuple is not selected.
• 1.5.3 Operations on Result Sets
• Sometimes it is useful to combine query results from two or more queries into a single result. SQL supports three set operators which have the pattern: <query 1><set operator><query 2> The set operators are: • union [all] returns a table consisting of all rows either appearing in the result of <query 1> or in the result of <query 2>. Duplicates are automatically eliminated unless the clause all is used. • intersect returns all rows that appear in both results <query 1> and <query 2>. • minus returns those rows that appear in the result of <query 1> but not in the result of <query 2>.
• 15
• Example: Assume that we have a table EMP2 that has the same structure and columns as the table EMP: • All employee numbers and names from both tables: select EMPNO, ENAME from EMP union select EMPNO, ENAME from EMP2; • Employees who are listed in both EMP and EMP2: select ∗ from EMP intersect select ∗ from EMP2; • Employees who are only listed in EMP: select ∗ from EMP minus select ∗ from EMP2; Each operator requires that both tables have the same data types for the columns to which the operator is applied.
• 1.5.4 Grouping
• In Section 1.2.4 we have seen how aggregate functions can be used to compute a single value for a column. Often applications require grouping rows that have certain properties and then applying an aggregate function on one column for each group separately. For this, SQL pro- vides the clause group by <group column(s)>. This clause appears after the where clause and must refer to columns of tables listed in the from clause.
• select <column(s)> from <table(s)> where <condition> group by <group column(s)> [having <group condition(s)>];
• Those rows retrieved by the selected clause that have the same value(s) for <group column(s)> are grouped. Aggregations specified in the select clause are then applied to each group sepa- rately. It is important that only those columns that appear in the <group column(s)> clause can be listed without an aggregate function in the select clause !
• Example: For each department, we want to retrieve the minimum and maximum salary.
• select DEPTNO, min(SAL), max(SAL) from EMP group by DEPTNO;
• Rows from the table EMP are grouped such that all rows in a group have the same department number. The aggregate functions are then applied to each such group. We thus get the following query result:
• 16
• DEPTNO MIN(SAL) MAX(SAL) 10 1300 5000 20 800 3000 30 950 2850
• Rows to form a group can be restricted in the where clause. For example, if we add the condition where JOB = ’CLERK’, only respective rows build a group. The query then would retrieve the minimum and maximum salary of all clerks for each department. Note that is not allowed to specify any other column than DEPTNO without an aggregate function in the select clause since this is the only column listed in the group by clause (is it also easy to see that other columns would not make any sense).
• Once groups have been formed, certain groups can be eliminated based on their properties, e.g., if a group contains less than three rows. This type of condition is specified using the having clause. As for the select clause also in a having clause only <group column(s)> and aggregations can be used.
• Example: Retrieve the minimum and maximum salary of clerks for each department having more than three clerks. select DEPTNO, min(SAL), max(SAL) from EMP where JOB = ’CLERK’ group by DEPTNO having count(∗) > 3; Note that it is even possible to specify a subquery in a having clause. In the above query, for example, instead of the constant 3, a subquery can be specified.
• A query containing a group by clause is processed in the following way: 1. Select all rows that satisfy the condition specified in the where clause. 2. From these rows form groups according to the group by clause. 3. Discard all groups that do not satisfy the condition in the having clause. 4. Apply aggregate functions to each group. 5. Retrieve values for the columns and aggregations listed in the select clause.
• 1.5.5 Some Comments on Tables
• Accessing tables of other users
• Provided that a user has the privilege to access tables of other users (see also Section 3), she/he can refer to these tables in her/his queries. Let <user> be a user in the Oracle system and <table> a table of this user. This table can be accessed by other (privileged) users using the command select ∗ from <user>.<table>;
• 17
• In case that one often refers to tables of other users, it is useful to use a synonym instead of <user>.<table>. InOracle-SQL a synonym can be created using the command create synonym <name> for <user>.<table> ; It is then possible to use simply <name> in a from clause. Synonyms can also be created for one’s own tables.
• Adding Comments to Definitions
• For applications that include numerous tables, it is useful to add comments on table definitions or to add comments on columns. A comment on a table can be created using the command
• comment on table <table> is ’<text>’;
• A comment on a column can be created using the command
• comment on column <table>.<column> is ’<text>’;
• Comments on tables and columns are stored in the data dictionary. They can be accessed using the data dictionary views USER TAB COMMENTS and USER COL COMMENTS (see also Section 3).
• Modifying Table- and Column Definitions
• It is possible to modify the structure of a table (the relation schema) even if rows have already been inserted into this table. A column can be added using the alter table command
• alter table <table> add(<column><data type> [default <value>][<column constraint>]);
• If more than only one column should be added at one time, respective add clauses need to be separated by colons. A table constraint can be added to a table using
• alter table <table> add (<table constraint>);
• Note that a column constraint is a table constraint, too. not null and primary key constraints can only be added to a table if none of the specified columns contains a null value. Table definitions can be modified in an analogous way. This is useful, e.g., when the size of strings that can be stored needs to be increased. The syntax of the command for modifying a column is alter table <table> modify(<column> [<data type>][default <value>][<column constraint>]);
• Note: In earlier versions of Oracle it is not possible to delete single columns from a table definition. A workaround is to create a temporary table and to copy respective columns and rows into this new table. Furthermore, it is not possible to rename tables or columns. In the most recent version (9i), using the alter table command, it is possible to rename a table, columns, and constraints. In this version, there also exists a drop column clause as part of the alter table statement.
• Deleting a Table
• A table and its rows can be deleted by issuing the command drop table <table> [cascade constraints];.
• 18
• 1.6 Views
• In Oracle the SQL command to create a view (virtual table) has the form create [or replace] view <view-name> [(<column(s)>)] as <select-statement> [with check option [constraint <name>]];
• The optional clause or replace re-creates the view if it already exists. <column(s)> names the columns of the view. If <column(s)> is not specified in the view definition, the columns of the view get the same names as the attributes listed in the select statement (if possible).
• Example: The following view contains the name, job title and the annual salary of em- ployees working in the department 20: create view DEPT20 as select ENAME, JOB, SAL∗12 ANNUAL SALARY from EMP where DEPTNO = 20; In the select statement the column alias ANNUAL SALARY is specified for the expression SAL∗12 and this alias is taken by the view. An alternative formulation of the above view definition is create view DEPT20 (ENAME, JOB, ANNUAL SALARY) as select ENAME, JOB, SAL ∗ 12 from EMP where DEPTNO = 20;
• A view can be used in the same way as a table, that is, rows can be retrieved from a view (also respective rows are not physically stored, but derived on basis of the select statement in the view definition), or rows can even be modified. A view is evaluated again each time it is accessed. In Oracle SQL no insert, update, ordelete modifications on views are allowed that use one of the following constructs in the view definition: • Joins • Aggregate function such as sum, min, max etc. • set-valued subqueries (in, any, all) or test for existence (exists) • group by clause or distinct clause In combination with the clause with check option any update or insertion of a row into the view is rejected if the new/modified row does not meet the view definition, i.e., these rows would not be selected based on the select statement. A with check option can be named using the constraint clause.
• A view can be deleted using the command delete <view-name>.
• 19

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TEN WhatsApp Tips And Tricks That You Should Know TODAY

1. Hide "Last Seen" Timestamp

By default, WhatsApp shows a "last seen" timestamp, telling other users the last time you were on WhatsApp. Some of you may want to disable this timestamp, for privacy reasons. You can disable this timestamp on both iOS and Android.
If you’re an iOS user, you’re in luck, since all you need to do is go into Settings > Chat Settings > Advanced and set Last Seen Timestamp to Off.

If you’re an Android user, you won’t have access to this setting from the app itself. Instead, you’re going to have to rely on a third party app such as Hide WhatsApp Status. The app disables your WiFi and data connection when you open WhatsApp.
Once you exit the app, your WiFi and data connections are reactivated, WhatsApp will sync, and your messages will be sent.

2. Backup And Restore WhatsApp Chats

WhatsApp makes automatic backups of your chats, but you can also make a manual backup. On iOS, it’s Settings > Chat Settings > Chat Backup, then tap Back Up Now.
On Android, just go into Settings > Chat settings and tap Backup conversations to create a backup. This won’t backup your media, so you’ll need to use a file manager to copy the media folders in /sdcard/WhatsApp/Media.

There’s no way to restore chats directly from WhatsApp, so if you want to restore a backup you’re going to have to uninstall and reinstall WhatsApp. When you start WhatsApp after the reinstall, you should be prompted to restore your most recent backup. Just follow the procedure and your chats should all be back.

3. Lock Your WhatsApp

Everyone, at some point or another, has probably had to deal with friends or family taking a sneak peek at their WhatsApp messages. Thankfully, if you’re using WhatsApp on Android or BlackBerry, there are apps that can help secure your WhatsApp from prying eyes.
If you’re using Android, there’s WhatsApp Lock, while BlackBerry users will want to check out Lock for WhatsApp.

Basically, both of these apps work similarly: when you use them, WhatsApp will be protected by a PIN (in the case of WhatsLock) or a password (in the case of Lock for WhatsApp). Either way, once you have things set up, the people around you shouldn’t be able to take a sneak peek at your WhatsApp any longer.

4. Create Shortcuts For Important Contacts

Want to speed up your WhatsApp communication? How about creating a shortcut to your favorite Whatsapp contact or group straight from your homescreen?
On Android, this is as simple as long pressing on the group or contact you want to create a shortcut for. When the menu pops up, just tap on Add conversation shortcut. This will create a shortcut to the contact or group you have chosen right on your homescreen.

This behaviour isn’t available on WhatsApp for iOS, but you can use a third-party app such as 1TapWA to have similar functionality on your iPhone. Since it’s an app, 1TapWA also has some extra features such as an image editor and an action scheduler.

5. Stop WhatsApp Images from Appearing In Gallery Or Camera Roll

Having WhatsApp images in your Gallery or Camera Roll can be very annoying; maybe the images are somewhat private, or you just don’t like having these images clutter up your Gallery or Camera Roll. You can fix this on both iOS and Android.
On iOS, it’s pretty simple; just go to Settings > Privacy > Photos and then turn the WhatsApp switch off.

On Android, you have to create a .nomedia file in WhatsApp’s images or video directories. To do this, you need a file explorer such as ES File Explorer. Navigate to the images or video folders. Tap the New button in the lower left, pick File and create a file named .nomedia. This will stop the Gallery from scanning the folder.

6. Change Your WhatsApp Phone Number

If you’ve changed phone numbers but kept the same phone, you don’t need to uninstall and reinstall WhatsApp just to change numbers. There’s a setting within WhatsApp that will let you migrate your WhatsApp account to a different phone number.

Go to Settings > Account > Change number. Enter your old phone number in the top field and then your new phone number in the bottom field. Then press Done. Verify your new phone number, and all your chat history, groups and so on will be migrated to the new number.

7. Install WhatsApp On An Android Tablet

WhatsApp is built for phones and is intelligent enough to know when you’re trying to run it on a tablet, but there are ways around this. Firstly, you need to grab the latest version of the WhatsApp .apk. Visit the official site with Chrome or Firefox and request the desktop version of the site, which will allow you to download the .apk directly.
Then download SRT AppGuard. Install both.

Run AppGuard first. Select WhatsApp from the Dashboard then press Monitor. Once AppGuard is done setting up the monitoring, scroll down and disable read phone status and identity under Phone calls. WhatsApp should now run on your tablet. To activate WhatsApp, you can just use your landline and have WhatsApp call you with the three-digit verification code.

8. WhatsApp Chat Heads On Android

One of the best things about Facebook Messenger is its chat heads functionality. We’ve talked about bringing chat heads features to SMS before, but now you can also have chat heads for your WhatsApp conversations too, using WhatsApp Chat Heads. As the name suggests, the app works alongside WhatsApp to add chat heads for your conversations.

The chat heads are somewhat customizable, and you can have specific LED colors, notification sounds and chat head colors for each of your contacts. One thing to be aware of, though, is that the app requires root access. Plus, it’s also still in beta, so you may encounter some small issues here and there.

9. Get Messaging Statistics On Android

This will definitely interest you if you’re a statistics geek, or simply someone who’s interested in finding out you and your friends’ WhatsApp habits. WhatStat provides information for metrics such as your top friends, friends’ and groups’ most active times of the day as well as message distribution for both one-on-one and group chats.

WhatStat presents all this information in easy-to-understand visualisations that will make perfect sense to anyone. No more having to pay specific attention to who initiates conversations or what a good time to message someone is; WhatStat will do that all for you.

10. Get WhatsApp notifications On Desktop

If you’ve ever missed a WhatsApp message while working on your desktop, you’ll know how annoying it can be. If you’re using Android, there are a few ways to make sure that you never miss a WhatsApp message again. You can use Pushbullet, which includes notification mirroring alongside a lot of other features, but if all you want is notifications on your computer, check out Desktop Notifications.

Just install Desktop Notifications on your Android phone, then install either the Chrome or Firefox extensions depending on your choice of browser. Link the extension to the app using the code provided and you’re good to go; you’ll now get WhatsApp (and more) notifications on your desktop.

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JOB UPDATES JUST BY ONE SMS TO GET JOB

JOB UPDATES JUST BY ONE SMS TO GET JOB

JOB UPDATES JUST BY ONE SMS TO GET JOB
www.txtweb.com/apps/jobguru

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Add Micromax Yu Yureka Automatically in Add to Cart yureka add to cart plugin

Add Micromax Yu Yureka Automatically in Add to Cart  yureka add to cart plugin

On Previous Sale many people got nothing in the sale as the pieces are low and peoples are much therefore many returned from amazon unhappily so now they have a second chance to grab their Yu Yureka as Amazon will conduct the 2nd Flash Sale Of it on 22nd January Thursday at 2 PM

See Full Specifications and its Review Here : Micromax Yu Yureka Launched With Cyanogen OS 11

Steps To add Micromax Yu Yureka To Cart Automatically :

Method 1 :

1. Goto Amazon's Homepage and Sign Up / Sign In There.
2. Make Sure you are already subscribed to Yu Yureka's Page in order to enter in the sale if not then visit the registration link and subscribe now : Click here

Method 2 :

1. Download Buyhatke addon for Google Chrome (Don't use Mozilla Firefox) - Click here
2. Goto the link and then Download the addon and let it install.
   
   Like Us and Help to reach a new milestone :)
3. After The Installation goto Amazon's Homepage and Sign up or sign in to your account.
4. Make Sure you are already subscribed to Yu Yureka's Page in order to enter in the sale if not then visit the registration link and subscribe now : Click here
   Now Amazon's Homepage will open and you can see a small popup of Buyhatke addon in the bottom right corner of the browser. If the pop up does't come then Click here
5. Now put a tick mark on the checkbox and click on "Save Settings".
   
   
6. Now a popup will appear on the screen Click on "OK"
   
   
7. Now On 22nd January login to Amazon before 2 pm and visit this page : Click here (Product Page)
8. If the Product Page link doesn't open then visit Yu Yureka's Main Page
9. At 1:58 keep reloading this link : http://goo.gl/eS8azp here only the Add to Cart Button Will Appear.
   
   
10. As the time goes at 2 o'clock You will see that your cart is filled with Micromax Yu Yureka.
11. Quickly make the checkout and enjoy.

Registration Link : http://www.amazon.in/gp/gss/detail/15004741

Product Page Link : http:///www.amazon.in/gp/product/B00R659KZ8

Terms :

• Your account must be subscribed for the sale.
• Make sure your internet connection is working fine.
• Your Browser must be opened at the time of sale ,i.e., 2 PM and the sale page must be opened.
• Make sure you successfully subscribed at buyhatke to add yureka in your Cart.

Make sure Uh bookmarked us by pressing Ctrl + D

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How to Decompile and Recompile Apk(anroid Application ) by using Apktool

REQUIREMENTS:
1. Basic Terminal Knowledge
2. Java JRE here
3. 7zip here
4. Notepad++ here
5. Apktool & Baksmali/Smali + Signer for all GB/ICS/JB ROM v2 here

• ::::Extract Apktool to folder directory::::
• Windows XP: C:\Document and Settings
• \your computer name\here
• Windows 7: C:\Users\your computer name\here

1. Copy and paste framework-res.apk to apktool folder
2. Copy and paste Apk you want to edit to apktool folder. For example: Settings.apk

3. Now Open Command Prompt.bat (CMD)


[Install framework-res.apk and Decompile apk]
Code:
apktool if framework-res.apk [Press Enter]
apktool d Settings.apk [Press Enter]

4. Now you will see a decompiled folder with a name Settings

5. Now you can start editing png, xml, smali file etc..
6. After editing is complete, Now Recompile it..
Code:
apktool b Settings [Press Enter]

 

7. After Recompile is complete, go to Settings folder, Open dist folder and open Settings.apk

by using 7zip
8. Open Original Settings.apk which is on the apktool folder by using 7zip
9. Now Drag & Drop META-INF folder and AndroidManifest.xml from Original Apk to Modded Apk which is on the dist folder.

10. Finally, push back your Modded Apk into the system/app or push manually by using Root Explorer/Root Browser or make a Flashable Zip.

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How to Run Android Apps In Chrome on Any Desktop Operating System

How to Run Android Apps Inside Chrome on Any Desktop Operating System

Recently, Google made the first batch of Android apps available for Chrome. It was only a matter of time before some clever users gave that power to everyone. Now that time has come. Here's how to install (nearly) any Android app on any operating system.

…

Obvious Disclaimer: This is still eight million kinds of broken and absolutely nothing here comes with a guarantee. In addition to apps that are in no way officially supported, you're also going to be messing around with low-level stuff in Chrome. This is probably not something you should attempt on a work computer, nor should you expect this to be simple or bug-free. This process is the opposite of both those things. You will need Chrome 37+ for the following guide.

Glossary

This process is pretty new, so to make things simple, we'll define a few terms first:

ARC: The App Ru ntime for Chrome (or ARC) is the piece of software that allows Android apps to run in Chrome. In the same way that ART currently run Android apps in Android itself. By making a modified version of the Android runtime for Chrome, Google can allow developers to add support for Chrome without rebuilding their apps from the ground up.

ARChon Custom Runtime: ARC is officially only designed for Chrome OS at the moment. To get around this, developer vladikoff created the ARChon Custom Runtime, which not only allows Windows, OS X, and Linux to run Android apps, but also removes the limit on how many can be run.

Google Play Services: We've discussed what Google Play Services are in the past. As we've explained before, app developers can plug into these APIs to get pre-written functionality. Think of them as plugins that Google gives to developers for their apps. In the context of this article, we'll be talking about apps that may or may not be supported in Chrome based on whether or not they include functionality from Google Play Services.

Unpacked Extension: Extensions normally come from the Chrome Web Store or prepackaged in a .CRX file. For the purposes of Android apps, we're going to use unpacked extensions. These are folders that contain all the files for an extension (or, in this case, Android APK). They function the same as extensions, but are not wrapped up in a single file.

Step One: Install the ARChon Runtime

Chrome OS uses a specialized runtime that allows Android apps to run natively inside it. This means that it's not an emulator or virtualization stack, but a proper runtime. In layman's terms, Chrome OS is using the same type of engine that Android uses to run software directly. So instead of a Genymotion-like situation where you have a whole Android phone running on your computer, here you can launch Android apps from the Chrome launcher.

To begin, we'll need to download the ARChon Custom Runtime. This is necessary to run Android apps in Windows, OS X, and Linux. While you can technically run Android apps in Chrome OS, you're currently limited to one of four apps. The methods in the rest of this article will run alternative apps by spoofing the signed key on those apps, but if you want to run any app you'd like, download ARChon. Here's how:

1. Download the ARChon runtime here.
2. Unzip the archive.
3. Open your extensions page in Chrome by going to Menu > More Tools > Extensions
4. Enable Developer mode in the top right corner, if it is not already enabled.
5. Select "Load unpacked extension."
6. Choose the folder containing the ARChon runtime you unzipped earlier.

The ARChon runtime will now be running as an extension in Chrome. You may see a couple warnings like the following on the extensions page. However, these are normal and shouldn't affect your ability to run Android apps.

Next, you'll need some Android apps to run. This is a little complicated, since Android APKs are not properly packaged for Chrome. However, with a little elbow grease (or some help from your friendly neighborhood internet), you can get some of them to launch. Whether they function properly is an entirely different matter.

Step 2: Install Existing Android Apps

The quickest, most dead-simple way to get some working Android apps is to find some online. Forums like this subreddit are already working on getting some functional. However, this is a far cry from the 1.3 million apps on the Play Store. While most of those will probably remain out of your reach due to incompatibility issues, we'll also look at how to (try to) create your own.

Disclaimer: Distribution of modified apps is, generally speaking, some degree of copyright violation. In practice, there's little distinction between downloading a pre-modified app, and downloading the regular version and modifying it yourself. For this reason, it's unlikely any developer of a free app will be too concerned if you download a pre-modified app to play around with. However, downloading a modified paid app is piracy. Please support developers and don't download modified versions of paid apps without paying for them. And, while it should go without saying, don't write a bad review or criticize the developer if an app is broken in Chrome. You're on your own here.

Some helpful internet users have created a growing list of apps that work in Chrome. You can find download links in that document, or find more in communities currently working on Chrome APKs. Once you have a .zip file containing one of these modified APKs, here's how to install it:

1. Unzip the file and place the folder (likely named something like "com.twitter.android") in a place you can easily find.
2. Open the Extensions page in Chrome.
3. Click "Load unpacked extensions."
4. Select the folder with the modified APK you downloaded.

The app will now appear in your list of Chrome extensions. If you're a particular fan of Chrome apps, you might also notice that a shortcut has been added to the Chrome app launcher. Depending on how it was packaged, it may have a benign Android icon and the package name instead of a proper app name.

(Optional) Step 3: Repackage Your Own Android Apps for Chrome

There are a few ways to make and tweak APKs so that they can run on Chrome. These methods are also under active development, so if you're reading this later, there may be even easier ways that have been developed to convert them. For the sake of completeness, we'll go over how to install the chromeos-apk tool, as well as how to convert them manually, should you need to do any extra tweaking.

Windows: 

1. Download the node.js .msi file (not the .exe) from here.
2. Install node.js.
3. In a command prompt, run the following command: npm install chromeos-apk -g

That's it. You now have the chromeos-apk tool ins , talled on your machine and can call it from any folder in the command line. You can skip ahead to the section below on how to use it.

OS X/Linux: 

The chromeos-apk tool was originally developed for Linux and OS X devices. Here's how to install it there:

1. In a terminal, run the following command: sudo apt-get install npm
2. (Ubuntu only): Run the following command: sudo apt-get install lib32stdc++6
3. Download node.js.
4. Unzip the tar.gz file you downloaded from the above link.
5. Per the README file, open a terminal to the unzipped folder containing node.js. And run the following commands in order:
   1. ./configure
   2. make
   3. make install
6. Run the command: sudo npm install chromeos-apk -g
7. To make sure you're updated to the latest version (now or in the future), run: sudo npm install -g chromeos-apk@latest

How to Use the Chromeos-apk Tool

You now have the chromeos-apk tool installed on your machine. To use it, first you'll need to acquire an APK. If you're trying to convert a free app, you can use this tool to pull an APK directly from the Play Store. You can also use this tool to get an APK from an app installed on your phone. Many file managers and backup utilities like ES File Explorer and Titanium Backup can also pull APKs on your device.

Once you have your APK, it's super simple to create a Chrome-friendly version. Open a command prompt or terminal in the folder where you have the APK stored, then do the following:

1. Run the following command: chromeos-apk [NAME OF APK]
   1. Example: chromeos-apk com.evernote.apk
2. If prompted, enter the package name of the app. This can usually be found in the URL of the Play Store listing. For example, in this URL, the portion after "?id=" is the package name. In this case, "com.evernote".

You now have a modified APK, ready for Chrome! You can install it using the same instructions in Step 2 earlier in this post. Namely, open your extensions page, click "Load unpacked extension," and choose the folder you just created.

At the time of this writing, the chromeos-apk tool still only gets the app working. It won't remove the key (which allows you to run more than one app at once), nor does it fix the app icon. We'll handle that in the cleanup section.

Alternative: Convert APKs Manually

If you can't (or don't want to) use the command line utility to modify APKs for Chrome usage, you can repackage them yourself. You'll still need to download chromeos-apk from Github here. You'll also need an APK for the app in question, so use the methods described in the section above to get them. Then, follow these steps:

1. There is a folder named "_template" inside the chromeos-apk tool you downloaded. Make a copy of this somewhere else (preferably near the APK you downloaded).
2. Copy the APK into "_template > Vendor > chromium > crx". There should be a README file in the correct folder that says "APK goes here." in the correct folder.
3. Rename the "_template" folder to the package name. The package name can usually be found in the Play Store listing URL after "?id=".
4. Modify the "manifest.json" file in the mai n folder of the package. This is considerably easier to do with an app like this.
   1. Add the app's package name (like "com.pandora.android") to the "package name" field.
   2. Add the app's regular name (like "Pandora") to the "name" field.
   3. Delete the entry named "key", which will have a very long, seemingly random string for a value.
   4. Save the modified JSON file a s "manifest.json" and replace the existing version with the new, edited one.
5. Download the app icon from Play Store.
   1. On a Play Store listing page like this one, right-click the icon image.
   2. In the URL bar, change "w300-rw" to "w128". Hit enter.
   3. Right-click the new image and save  it as "icon.png" in the main folder of the modified template folder.

Congratulations! You have just manually modified an APK to run in Chrome. The entire process isn't terribly complicated, it's just time consuming if you're altering each app manually.

You'll also note that none of this process involves changing the app itself. The APK sits inside an elaborate wrapper. Either it works or it doesn't. Time will tell if Android ap ps can or will be targeted for desktop use, but for now the floodgates are open to tinkerers if you really want to try them out.

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